Advanced communication system lab manual

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Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal same as that of transmitted one with the help of gain adjust pot. In AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1. Now replace the previous FO cable with 1 m cable without disturbing any previous setting. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output of amplifier 1 socket tp Note this value and name it V2.

Calculate the propagation attenuation loss with the help of following formula. The object of this experiment in to study bending loss. THEORY: When ever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss. Repeat all the steps from 1 to 6 of the previous experiment using 1m cable.

It will be gradually reducing showing loss due to bends. THEORY: Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by rotating of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance; else it is refracted out of the fiber core. This experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room. Connect the frequency generator's 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter 1 circuit.

Adjust its amplitude at 5Vpp. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and the other end to the numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.

Advanced communication Lab 6. Vary the distance between in screen and fiber optic cable and make it coincide with one of the concentric circles. Note its distance 8. Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles made on the white screen and compute the numerical aperture from the formula given above. Inferences: The N. The variation in the observation is due to fiber being under filled the Acceptance Angle is given by 2sinmax. The deviation from the data sheet is again due to fiber being under filled.

AIM: To find the directivity and gain of Antenna. Microwave Generator 2. SWR Meter 3. Detector 4. RF Amplifier 5. Transmitter and receiving mast 6. Mains cord 7. Antennas o o o.

Yagi Antenna Dielectric Constant: 4. Dipole Antenna Dielectric Constant: 4. Patch Antenna Dielectric Constant: 3. The Radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating antenna.

An antenna pattern is of course three dimensional but for practical reasons it is normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or several planes. An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and the back lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the power in the side lobes arid back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at the maximum of the main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an imaginary omni-directional antenna radiating equally in all directions with the same power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna.

As we know that the 3dB beam width is the angle between the two points on a main lobe where the power intensity is half the maximum power intensity. When measuring an antenna pattern, it is normally most interesting to plot the pattern far from the antenna. It is also very important to avoid disturbing reflection. Antenna measurements are normally made at anechoic chambers made of absorbing materials. Antenna measurements are mostly made with unknown antenna as receiver.

There are several methods to measure the gain of antenna. One method is to compare the unknown antenna with a standard gain antenna with known gain. Another method is to use two identical antennas, as transmitter and other as receiver.

From following formula the gain can be calculated. Where Pt is transmitted power Pr is received Power, G1, G2 is gain of transmitting and receiving antenna S is the radial distance between two antennas o is free space wave length. If both, transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then above equation becomes.

In the above equation Pt, Pr and S and o can be measured and gain can be computed. As is evident from the above equation, it is not necessary to know the absolute value of Pt and Pr only ratio is required which can be measured by SWR meter. Now take another Yagi antenna and RF Amplifier from the given suitcase. Now connect the output of the Amplifier to the input of Detector and mount the detector at the Receiving mast.

Now set the distance between Transmitter feed point and the receiver receiving point at half meter. Select the range switch at SWR meter at 40dB position with normal mode. In case if reading is not available at 40dB range then press kOhm Input Select to get high gains reading. Now set any value of received gain at 40dB position with the help of o o o. Frequency of the Microwave Generator.

Modulation frequency adjustment. Adjusting the distance between Transmitter and Receiver. With these adjustments you can increase or decrease the gain.

Mark the obtained reading on the radiation pattern plot at zero degree position. Now slowly move the receiver antenna in the steps of 10 degree and plot the corresponding readings. Where E is the E plane 3db beam width in degrees and H in the H plane. Directivity of the antenna is the measures of power density an actual antenna radiates in the direction of its strongest emission, so if the maximum power of antenna in dB is received at degree then directivity will be In the same way you can measure the directivity of the Dipole antenna.

For directivity measurement of the transformer fed Patch antenna connect transmitter Yagi antenna in the vertical plane Patch Antenna is vertically polarized. Since it is comparatively low gain antenna distance can be reduced between transmitter and receiver. Gain Measurement: 1. Now take another Yagi antenna from the given suitcase. Connect detector to the receiving mast. In case if reading is not available at 40dB range then press kOhm Input Select to get high gain reading.

Now set the maximum gain in the meter with the help of following o o. Measure and record the received power in dB. Now remove the detector from the receiving end and also remove the transmitting Yagi antenna from RF output. Observe the output of detector on SWR meter that will be the transmitting power Pt. Now we know that the formula for Gain of the antenna is:. Advanced communication Lab S is the radial distance between two antennas o is free space wave length approximately Now put the measured values in the above formula and measure the gain of the antenna which will be same for both the antennas.

Now after this step you can connect one known gain antenna at transmitter end and the antenna under test at receiver end, to measure the gain of the antennas. Gain can be measured with the help of absolute power meter also Recommended Model NV For this, detector will not be used and directly the power sensor can be connected to both the ends as described earlier.

The four possible combination of dibit code are 00, 01, 10 and Each code represents either a phase of 45, , , and lagging, relative to the phase of the original un-modulated carrier.

The choice of these phases is arbitrary as it is convenient to produce them. Quadrature phase shift keying offers an advantage over PSK, in a manner that now each phase represents a two bit code rather than a single bit. This means now either we can change phase per second or the same amount of data can be transmitted with half as many phase changes per second. The second choice results in a lowering of bandwidth requirement.

The four phases are produced by adding two carrier waves of same frequency but 90 out of phases. The 0 phase carrier is called In-phase carrier and is labeled 1 The other is 90 lagging phase carrier termed as the quadrature carrier and is labeled Q. Similarly, the phase shifts for the combinations would be as shown table below. Phasor Diagram It can be appreciated from the above phasor diagram that each phasor switches its phase depending on the data level exactly in the same way as the same way as the PSK modulator does.

Make the additional connections as shown in figure 1 as shown in following steps. On ST trainer: a. Differentially encoded dibit MSB tp10 to unipolar bipolar converter 1 input tp20 b. Unipolar-Bipolar converter 1 output tp21 to modulator 1 input tp Differentially encoded dibit LSB tp11 to unipolar -bipolar 2 input tp Unipolar-Bipolar converter 2 output tp24 to modulator 2 input tp Modulator 1 output tp28 to summing amplifier's input A tp Modulator 2 output tp31 to summing amplifier's input B tp Summing amplifier's output tp36 to QPSK demodulator input tp1.

QPSK demodulator output 1 tp8 to low pass filter 1 input tp QPSK demodulator's Q output tp9 to low pass filter 2 input tp Low pass filter 1 output tp24 to comparator 1 input tp Low pass filter 2 output tp28 to comparator 2 input tp Data squaring circuit comparator 1 output tp47 to differential decoder MSB input tp Data squaring circuit comparator 2 output tp50 to differential decoder LSB input tp Comparator 1 output tp47 to clock regeneration circuit input tp3.

Dibit decoder output tp47 to PCM data input tp3 c. Dibit decoder clock input tp41 to clock regeneration circuit output tp8. Monitor the output of modulator 1 tp28 in ST trainer. Adjust the scope's trigger level manually to obtain a stable display Use the controls provided in the modulator as shown in followings steps. Gain: This controls the overall amplitude of the modulated waveform.

Adjust it till you obtain a 2VPP signal. Adjust this pot such that the amplitudes of the two phases are equal. Make the same adjustments for modulator 2's output tp31 by monitoring its outputs on the oscilloscope. Monitor the output of the summing amplifier tp Also monitor the test points provided at various block outputs, to understand the process of demodulation clearly.

Adjust the phase adjust control provided on QPSK demodulator block until you obtain two levels only at low pass filter's outputs. The incorrect placement of phase adjust control produces multilevel output at filter output. Adjust the bias level control of both comparators till their output doesnt have the correct pulse width. Now that the filter's output is balanced around 0 Volts.

Adjustment of bias level to produce 0 V terminal of the comparator help achieving 'Squared up' version of the filter's output. This explains the phase ambiguity in QPSK system. Connect the power supply mains cord to the ST but do not turn ON the power supply until connections are made for this experiment.

From Clock Source, connect 1. Switch On the power supply. Observe the signal of DOUT on oscilloscope with respect to ground, which shows the modulated signal. Observe the demodulated signal waveform at oscilloscope by connecting VOUT terminal of DAC to oscilloscope with respect to ground of board. We can also verify Nyquist criteria i.

Most readers won't stick around for a surprise ending. Never begin a message with a vague "This"--as in "This needs to be done by Be brief and polite.

If your message runs longer than two or three short paragraphs, consider a reducing the message, or b providing an attachment. But in any case, don't snap, growl, or bark. Remember to say "please" and "thank you. It's not polite. Add a signature block with appropriate contact information in most cases, your name, business address, and phone number, along with a legal disclaimer if required by your company.

Do you need to clutter the signature block with a clever quotation and artwork? Probably not. Edit and proofread before hitting "send. Finally, reply promptly to serious messages. If you need more than 24 hours to collect information or make a decision, send a brief response explaining the delay. Presentation skills are critically important and cannot be passed over. There are many techniques on how to present something effectively. If you are naturally shy, this may take longer to achieve, but need not be so.

Think positively. Think assertively. Stand at the lectern, speak into the microphone. When you visualize yourself as successful, you will be successful. Step Two: Preparing a good presentation Start early: Think through what needs to be said.

Collect material from unusual sources which may relate to the topic — sleep on these ideas. The end product will be more interesting and fully developed. Pin the statement on the wall above your desk. Develop your ideas: Develop the statement into one jargon-free sentence that will catch the attention of the audience.

Next, identify the issues you plan to address — brainstorm, plan, etc. Know your audience: Think about them. What do they already know? Strip it to the essentials: What are your main arguments?

What evidence can you offer? Attempt to identify problems or questions the audience may have and address them in the talk, before the audience has a chance to think of these things themselves. That way, the audience is more likely to remember the important points later. You may even find that the less important points become irrelevant to the focus of the talk as you practice. These should be logical, and may be presented by posing a question, or explaining your own discovery of the link's existence.

Work in drafts: Run through the talk once at a very early stage like producing a first draft. Go over it and re-think it.

Discard non-essential elements. Be strict about including only what is essential information for the presentation, and removing all the non-essential tidbits.

Step Three: Practice Know Your Material - If you are not familiar with your material or are uncomfortable with it, your nervousness will increase. Practice your speech or presentation and revise it until you can present it with ease. Be prepared. Nothing will relax you more than to know you are properly prepared. Rehearsing: Initially do it in private. Then use videotape and assess critically.

It can be painful, but worth it. Then try the presentation out in front of friends. Ask for feedback, then act on that information. This will focus your attention on attempting to explain why you did what you did in simple terms, rather than encouraging attention to details only specialists care about. The first impression is vital — try to be interesting and compelling.

You are trying to draw in the audience. Be conscious of your articulation. Remember to use pauses to let points sink in. Avoid inaudibility - nothing is more frustrating than having to strain to hear speakers. It is easier to speak to a group of friends than to a group of strangers.

Breathe in slowly, hold your breath for 4 to 5 seconds, then slowly exhale. To relax your facial muscles, open your mouth and eyes wide, then close them tightly. Take several deep breaths as you are being introduced but don't sigh! Visualize your rehearsed opening statement; don't improvise at the last moment. Beware of making jokes. The results can be disappointing, and may suggest an unprofessional attitude. Choose a natural, moderate rate of speech and use automatic gestures.

Some people suggest about words a minute. Monitor your behaviour, and avoid habitual behaviours pacing, fumbling change in pocket, twirling hair. Remember: we all do it. People want you to succeed and are sympathetic. Keep smiling. Enthusiasm for your topic is contagious, but don't overdo it - you'll alienate the audience.

Converse with them, involve them in the process of the presentation by posing questions and making eye contact. Pick one or two people easily visible to you, and "speak" to them. Remember to also observe others, but concentrate on just a few.

This may or may not solve your "audiencophobia" but it will keep you in touch with your audience, and provide you with some feedback. Keep an eye on your time and don't run over your limit.

An audience will always forgive you if you under run; they will never forgive you if you over run. Be prepared for interruptions late arrivals, burnt out projector bulbs, fire drills, etc.

If you must turn down the room lights, don't turn them off entirely or for longer than you need - remember to turn them back up! Don't apologize for any aspect of your presentation. Remember that you are of equal value to the other people in the room; apologizing will make you appear subservient.

If you don't say anything about it, nobody may notice. If you mention your nervousness or apologize for any problems you think you have with your speech, you'll only be calling attention to it. Had you remained silent, your listeners may not have noticed at all. This will be unpracticed, and will be the last thing many of your audience will hear you say. End your talk with the insightful, firm summary statement you have prepared.

They want you to succeed - not fail. The only people who might want you to fail are struggling with their own insecurities, foe which you are not responsible. Handling Questions: The question period is often the part of the talk which influences the audience the most.

This is the part of the presentation where your ability to interact with the audience will be evaluated. Preparation is important. By not rushing to give an answer, you show a degree of respect for the questioner, and you give yourself time to be sure you are answering the question that was actually asked. If you are unsure, restate the question or ask for a clarification. The only exception is when it becomes necessary to break in on a vague, rambling question; this is your show, and you have only a limited time to make your presentation.

It is essential, however, that you break in tactfully. Say something like "So, are you asking? Remember that your ability to interact with an audience is also being evaluated. This is particularly important if the answer will distract either you or the audience away from the flow of your presentation.

Don't apologize. Visual Aids Visual aids significantly improve the interest of a presentation. However, they must be relevant to what you want to say. A careless design or use of a slide can simply get in the way of the presentation.

What you use depends on the type of talk you are giving. Make sure you know in advance how to operate the equipment and also when you want particular displays to appear. Arrange beforehand, what is to happen and when and what signals you will use. If you need to use a slide twice, duplicate it. Slides and OHPs should contain the minimum information necessary.

Use a reasonable size font and a typeface which will enlarge well. It will be too detailed and difficult to read. For text only, white or yellow on blue is pleasant to look at and easy to read. Avoid adding to OHPs with a pen during the talk - it's messy and the audience will be fascinated by your shaking hand!

Too much light near the screen will make it difficult to see the detail. On the other hand, a completely darkened room can send the audience to sleep. Try to avoid having to keep switching lights on and off, but if you do have to do this, know where the light switches are and how to use them.

The session is just like table topics only easier as all the topics are to have only one word. Give a topic to someone that person then tries to speak on the topic for one minute.

Thus, the key to creating an effective poster presentation is visual simplicity achieved without loss of information content. Poster sessions have become a significant communication style for presenting research results in professional association meetings in all disciplines of the natural and social sciences.

A Group Discussion can be defined as a formal discussion involving 8 to 10 participants in a group. They are given a topic. After some time, during which they collect their thoughts, the group is asked to discuss the topic for 15 to 20 minutes. Dynamics of GD: Flexibility: You must be open to other ideas as well as to the evaluation of your ideas. That is what flexibility is all about. But first, remember: Never ever start your GD with a stand or a conclusion. By taking a stand, you have already given your decision without discussing the topic at hand or listening to the views of your team members.

But that is a high risk-high return strategy. Initiate a GD only if you are well versed with the topic. Creativity: An idea or a perspective which opens new horizons for discussion on the GD topic is always highly appreciated.

When you put across a new idea convincingly, such that it is discussed at length by the group, it can only be positive Team Player: It lays great emphasis on this parameter because it is essential for managers to be team players.

Management aspirants who lack team skills cannot be good managers. Reasoning Ability: Reasoning ability plays an important role while expressing your opinions or ideas at a GD. Inspiring ability: A good group discussion should incorporate views of all the team members.

If some team members want to express their ideas but are not getting the opportunity to do so, giving them an opportunity to express their ideas or opinions will be seen as a positive trait. Awareness: The content or awareness generally constitutes 40 to 50 percent marks of your GD. When you initiate a GD, you not only grab the opportunity to speak, you also grab the attention of the examiner and your fellow candidates. GD Summarisation: A conclusion is where the whole group decides in favour or against the topic.

You can summarise what the group has discussed in the GD in a nutshell. Keep it brief and concise. It must incorporate all the important points that came out during the GD. If the examiner asks you to summarise a GD, it means the GD has come to an end. Do not add anything once the GD has been summarised. GD — Points Marked on : 1. Audibility : Communication skills. Content : Obtain by good reading 4.

Team Work 5. Leadership : People should listen and agree to you. GD Techniques: There are a few simple techniques that can make you an effective participant: Prepare: If you know what the topic of the discussion will be, there is a lot you can do to prepare in advance. You can read round the topic to make sure you are aware of the main issues and arguments, and spend some time deciding what your own position is.

Listen: An effective discussion is one in which people listen to each other. Listening is a very important discussion skill and make sure you listen and respond to what other people have to say. Would you mind…? Could you…? Make you sound polite and respectful. You can jot down any useful or important words or ideas that might come in handy later in the discussion — or afterwards.

Speak clearly: Practise your pronunciation and speak clearly and confidently. If you need time to collect your thoughts, you could say something like Hmmm… just let me have a minute to think about this. Useful phrases for GD: There are lots of useful phrases that you can use in discussions.

Dysfunctional roles These roles are destructive to the group. Factual speech topics 2. Controversial and argumentative issues 3. Abstract discussion material Case Based GDs Case studies Factual topics for a group are — as the word says — about facts.

This is a sample list of speech topics on current issues and facts: Why drinking and driving is dangerous to yourself and others. What is wrong with child labor? Abstract group discussion topics are things that cannot be touched, not be easily defined or formulated. Just think in a creative manner and start a vivid group discussion with one of these abstract topics to talk about: The Nostradamus Code Case Studies: The fourth type of group discussion topics are case studies.

You determine a problem and together with the other group members you have to find a satisfying solution. These are small group discussion topic ideas. Dropouts — Individual attention in safe schools and smaller classes; is that the way to stop students to drop out? Body Language: Body language plays an important role during the Group Discussion.

The panelists will surely take note of your body language. Pointing fingers: Pointing fingers generally signifies talking in anger and accusing someone with your finger.

It exhibits your aggression. This should be completely avoided. Playing with pen or paper: Playing with pen, paper or just moving your hands shows careless attitude. Whether you remain silent or talk while playing with such objects, it will show your lack of interest. Stooping or slouching: You should sit straight while in a GD. That is an informal posture and is not at all welcomed in GD rounds. Everyone has their own personal space and entering that disturbs the entire group coherence.

Fidget: You should not keep fidgeting or moving uncomfortably in your chair. Not to be stiff: When it is advised that you should not keep fidgeting, it is also meant that you should not be absolutely stiff in your position. You should have a relaxed posture. Scratching, pricking, rubbing: You should not engage your hands in inappropriate activities such as scratching, pricking, rubbing etc.

This will again show your lack of interest in the GD and too much obsession with yourself. Moving your legs: Continuous movement of legs will show your impatience.

If you keep moving your legs, you will communicate that you want to get rid of the GD process. Respect contribution from other members. Argue and shout during the GD Look at the evaluators or a particular group member Talk irrelevant things and distract the discussion Pose negative body gestures like touching the nose, leaning back on the chair, knocking the table with a pen etc. Mention erratic statistics. Display low self-confidence with shaky voice and trembling hands. Interview Skills: Life is full of challenges.

To meet the challenges of professional life, one has to be familiar with many skills to grab the attention of an interviewer, out of which Interview skills are the basic necessities to meet up the future challenges with success. An interviewer always attempt to decide that why they should select you? If you can show your trust, your confidence, your commitment, and appropriate skills, then you could win a successful future.

Interview is a form of oral communication. Remember that interview is always pre-planned and structured. Planning — The Interview Process Once you have sent your resume to a company and survived the weeding out process, your resume typically gets passed along to the hiring manager. In-Person Interview: If you survived the initial phone interview, the next step is probably an in-person interview. Every company has their own way of conducting these interviews.

Some prefer to have "panel-like" interviews, while others prefer one-to-one interviews. Expect to interview with three to four technical people and maybe a group manager. Expect a wide variety of questions that range from common personal questions to very challenging technical questions relevant to the job you are applying for.

Sit up straight, look alert, speak clearly and forcefully, but stay relaxed. Make good eye contact, avoid nervous mannerisms, and try to be a good listener as well as a good talker. All employment offers deserve a written reply whether or not you accept them.

Go through the Process: Regardless of the type of interview, most will incorporate the following stages: establishing rapport, exchanging information, and closing the interview. Interview Preparation Research is a critical part of preparing for an interview. If you haven't done your homework, it is going to be obvious. Spend time researching and thinking about yourself, the occupation, the organization, and questions you might ask at the end of the interview.

You will notice that they are all generic. This is necessary because in order to present a convincing argument that you have the experience and skills required for that occupation, you must first know what those requirements and duties are. It is also in your best interest to identify the approximate starting salary for that position, or those similar.

Know the Organization: The more you know about an organization, the better prepared you will be to discuss how you can meet its needs. Some of the characteristics that you should know about an organization are: Where is it located? How big is it? What are its products and who does it serve? How is the organization structured? What is its history? Have there been any recent changes, new developments? Try to think of questions for which the answer was not readily available in company literature.

Intelligent well thought-out questions will demonstrate your genuine interest in the position. Entrance and Introduction: In fact, the best way to enter an interview is to knock, ask for permission to enter and then wait for a while before you actually sit down. Few interviewees know this but the interview panel needs a little quiet time to discuss the previous candidate before they get around to the next one. So your silence till you actually get seated would be very valuable.

Try and keep a bag with you for all your papers and certificates. Pleasant Looks Interview Types: Employing a new candidate for a company is very difficult for the interviewer.

Because in this job market competitors are increased and new interview methods are introduced. There are many types of interviews. If you attended any interview you can realize that you had faced the given below interview types. This is also known traditional interview in which job seekers meet the employers in face to face. Whether you are fresher or experienced you are in need to attend the interview.

The advantage of the traditional interview is that the employer and job seekers can get to know each other about their environment. Group interview: Group interviews are conducted by some large companies for graduates who are all interviewed at one time. They may give some exercises to solve in a group and observes how the candidates react with other people. The group interview will show the candidates.

The purpose of this type of interview is to predict future based on past experiences. Telephone interview: Telephone interview is a technique used to recruit the candidates for employment through phone. The main purpose of conducting telephone interview is to reduce the expenses of the out of state or out of town candidates.

Telephone interview is also conducted in professional manner as like other interviews. Panel interview: In Panel interviews or Committee interviews candidates will meet several higher authorities and this method is used to hire for advanced positions.

Questions may be asked by all panel members and you can expect any type of critical questions from them. Try to answer for all questions and be sure to impress all of the interviewers. The interviewer's may try to introduce stress by asking continuous questions without giving time to think and answer the questions. Starting you might be asked to wait in the waiting room for an hour before the interview. The interviewer might openly challenge your believes or judgment.

You might be called upon to perform an impossible task on convincing the interviewer to exchange. Answer each question in calm as it comes. Telephone Interview: Here are some phone interview tips to help you. Be Prepared For preparing the phone interview, there are several things you can do. It will help a lot during the call and will be a constant reminder for your job search. Do not be afraid to pick up the phone The first step in the hiring process is the telephone interview.

It may happen that when you pick up the phone, the call may be from any company. Then that time ask the recruiter to repeat his or her name.

Verify the spelling and write it down. Use the recruiter's name in your response. If there is really any problem for you to talk, then ask for a telephone number and a convenient time to call back. You are now ready to make a good impression during your first five minutes. The phone interview tips will help you master the phone interview and get you to the next step - the face to face interview. So do not afraid to pick the phone.

Be a good listener During telephonic interview, you must keep in mind that you must be a good listener. Avoid interrupting and let the recruiter complete his thought or question before you respond.

Ask for clarification. Use open-ended questions. The more information you can gather, the better you can respond. We must know the fact that good listener is the best quality. Helpful video conference interview tips for candidates. Think of the video conference in the same way as you would a physical face to face interview and do your preparation accordingly, however there are some subtle differences because of the technology. The following video conference interview tips will help you negotiate these successfully.

Dressing well Wear neutral. Checks, stripes and busy patterns should be avoided as these may distort with movement. Pre Interview You should arrive 10 to 15 before the start time of the video conferencing interview so that you can become familiar with your surroundings before the interview begins. You will either see two or one television monitors.

If there are two you are likely to see the interview panel on one and yourself on the other. If there is one monitor you will see the interview panel on it and then a smaller box in the corner of the screen showing yourself.

The reason for being able to see yourself is so that you know how they see you. If you are too far to one side or the camera is pointing elsewhere in the room, the on-site operator should alter this so that you can be seen clearly. Noise Modern high quality microphones are very sensitive so avoid tapping on the desk or shuffling papers.

Movement Keep your hand or body movements down to a minimum. Rapid or repetitious movements can look quite jerky on a video monitor or you could move out of shot. Eye contact As you speak try to look at the camera, usually positioned on top of the monitor, rather than the monitor itself.

This will give a better appearance of eye contact. Speak normally as you would in a conversation, and don't forget to smile Sound delay Sometimes there can be a slight time delay. If this happens wait a moment before answering questions to ensure that they have finished speaking. The interview panel will notice this and appreciate that you are making allowances for the delay. Technical problems Should there be any problem such as the picture freezing, do calmly inform the interview panel.

Do not worry, on the rare occasions that this happens all that is needed is a re-boot. Duration of meeting Be aware of the time. Make sure you can cover your agenda in the allotted interview time as the facility has been booked for a specific time it may not be possible to over run. End of interview At the end of the interview, thank the employer for the interview. Mute the sound and leave the room. Let the operator or receptionist know that you have left.

How would you describe yourself?